• Across species, auditory nerve and brainstem coding strategies emphasize precise timing and phase-locked responses to low-frequency tones, reflecting a conserved neural encoding of temporal structure in hearing [3], [1], [17].

• Objective electrophysiological measures (cortical audiometry, evoked responses) emerged as tools to quantify auditory acuity and sensitivity in awake/sleeping humans and nonhuman primates, bridging behavior and neural activity [5], [4], [15].

• Studies of masking and noise interactions reveal how signal detectability and cochlear processing depend on bandwidth and phase relationships, highlighting neural integration of energy across frequency bands [2], [6].

• Comparative analyses chart evolutionary and anatomical diversity of auditory pathways—from primates and birds to fish—informing general principles of organization and functional specialization in the auditory system [19], [7], [16], [20].